Despite the internet’s critical role in education, employment, and economic growth, traditional commercial models fail to deliver affordable, high-speed connectivity to rural and underserved communities. While Universal Service Funds and large-scale investments have expanded access, profit-driven approaches struggle in low-revenue areas, leaving millions behind. Hence, a persistent digital divide continues to exclude nearly a third of the global population from meaningful internet access.

Solutions that prioritise decentralised, community-centred networks that integrate local ownership, sustainable business models, and participatory governance are emerging and achieving positive results. These initiatives – often led by micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), but also by communities, social enterprises, cooperatives, and local governments – demonstrate cost-effective scalability by leveraging existing community engagement and reducing operational overheads. As key drivers of local economies, these community-led networks not only provide connectivity but also catalyse broader economic growth by supporting other small businesses through digital tools and skills development. Beyond connectivity, they foster digital literacy, local content creation, and economic empowerment, aligning with the broader Sustainable Development Goals.

Policy recognition is growing, with the International Telecommunication Union, OECD, and G20 endorsing community networks as complementary solutions. However, systemic barriers – such as inappropriate licencing frameworks, spectrum scarcity, and financing gaps – hinder their expansion. Case studies from Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Kenya, the Philippines, and South Africa highlight six key enablers: (1) diversifying telecom ecosystems to include social MSME providers, (2) reducing regulatory burdens, (3) unlocking public and blended financing, (4) enabling spectrum access, (5) ensuring affordable backhaul infrastructure, and (6) raising awareness and building capacity through targeted training programmes.

To bridge the digital divide, governments must transition from recognition to action – implementing tailored policies that empower community-centred connectivity initiatives. These efforts can amplify the impact of grassroots connectivity initiatives, ensuring equitable access for all.